Jillian Rubin
Jews in the Modern World
Professor Lesses
October 24, 2008
1. The measures that Czar Alexander I enacted for Jews of Tsarist Russia was that he said that Jewish children are only allowed to study in public schools and in secondary schools in the universities in Russia. He also said regarding their religion, that Jewish children will not have to reject their religion, and they will also not be forced to study topics that are against their religion. Czar Alexander went on to say that if Jews still refuse to send their children to public schools that other schools would have to be made by their expense. There would therefore have to be a special tax. The Jews living in the Russian empire, according to Czar Alexander have to use either Russian, Polish, or the German language.
2. Nicholas I legislated military service for Jews in 1827 by saying that when Jews are called to participate in the military, they have to be able to complete their obligation in the same way that other citizens do. Nicholas I also legislated that Jews in the community that are going to serve in the military have to be not younger that twelve years old and no older than twenty five years old. Nicholas I also said that rabbis do not have to serve in the military. Other individuals, according to Nicholas who would be exempt from serving in the military included youths who were in general schools for at least three years who were performing sufficiently and also individuals who were apprenticed to Gentiles.
3. The boundaries of the pale of settlement was that Jews were allowed to live in the provinces of Vilna, Grodno, Volhynia, Podolia, Minsk, Ekaterinoslav. Also, they were allowed to reside in the following districts: Bialystok and Bessarabia. The Jews were also allowed to live in the province of Kiev, however they could not reside in the capital. Likewise, they were allowed to live in Kherson province, however they could not live in the city of Nikolaev. They were allowed to live in the province of Tavaria however they could not live in Sebastopol. This shows that Jews were allowed to live in a variety of provinces in Russia during this time, however there were many restrictions placed on exactly where these individuals could reside within these provinces. (p.379)
4. The May Laws enacted by Alexander III was that it was not allowed for Jews to settle outside the cities and townships (p. 380). The settlements that had been exempted from this were settlements that were a part of agricultural work. Property and mortgages was stopped temporarily. The May laws also stated that Jews were not allowed to take part in commerce on Christian holidays and on Sundays.
Friday, October 24, 2008
Tuesday, October 7, 2008
Jillian Rubin
Jews in the Modern World
Professor Lesses
October 7, 2008
Origins of Reform Judaism
1. Katz describes the actions of enlightened Jews to reform both Jewish education and religion in a few ways. He says that the enlightened Jews wanted to change Jewish life by education and religious reform (124). Enlightened Jews were known to believe that human nature was basically good. Naphtali Herz Wessely was an important individual who began an educational program, which led to the division of Jewish society, it separated the proponent from the other individuals. His goals of this new education program was to provide Jewish people with a practical view of the world around them, and also to give these Jews a good understanding of their non-Jewish environment (125). The enlightened tried to achieve these goals by releasing publications for which Jewish individuals could read and get information from. The main educational reason for the start of these periodicals was for the Jewish person to “impart information and knowledge…win the reader for the enlightened ideals of the promoters…” (125). They wanted these people reading the periodical to gain a better sense of enlightened ideas, therefore becoming more educated.
Education was another important part of the actions of enlightened Jews. In order for education to be changed, the old institution would have to be reformed. More emphasis was now placed on subjects other than religion. This would allow the Jew to get more of an education, other than about their religion alone. The goal of enlightened Jews was to educate the poor. They believed that this new educational plan would allow these poor Jews to become diligent individuals. Another goal of the enlightened Jews was to
Saul Ascher was an individual with whom not much is known about. Ascher was known for having original ideas and would voice his opinion. He believed that the need for religion was mainly psychological. He also said that Judaism is part of the Jewish community but that it can change. Saul Ascher thought that there should be a re defining of the Jewish religion that would be less of an obligation and more about the faithfulness to the Jewish community. He therefore believed that it is more important to be faithful to Judaism than to actually be very religious in practice.
2. Enlightened Jews thought that the reliability of Judaism should not have to be compromised by an Enlightenment culture. An innovation that the Reforms proposed in practice was the first Israelite Temple Association which was founded in 1817. There were many reforms made in practice at this temple such as a new prayer book. German prayers were now included as well. Also, there was a big importance placed on Saturday morning services. This is very important because previous to the Enlightenment this would not have occurred. During the Enlightenment there were new social and cultural changes that took place over time.
Jews in the Modern World
Professor Lesses
October 7, 2008
Origins of Reform Judaism
1. Katz describes the actions of enlightened Jews to reform both Jewish education and religion in a few ways. He says that the enlightened Jews wanted to change Jewish life by education and religious reform (124). Enlightened Jews were known to believe that human nature was basically good. Naphtali Herz Wessely was an important individual who began an educational program, which led to the division of Jewish society, it separated the proponent from the other individuals. His goals of this new education program was to provide Jewish people with a practical view of the world around them, and also to give these Jews a good understanding of their non-Jewish environment (125). The enlightened tried to achieve these goals by releasing publications for which Jewish individuals could read and get information from. The main educational reason for the start of these periodicals was for the Jewish person to “impart information and knowledge…win the reader for the enlightened ideals of the promoters…” (125). They wanted these people reading the periodical to gain a better sense of enlightened ideas, therefore becoming more educated.
Education was another important part of the actions of enlightened Jews. In order for education to be changed, the old institution would have to be reformed. More emphasis was now placed on subjects other than religion. This would allow the Jew to get more of an education, other than about their religion alone. The goal of enlightened Jews was to educate the poor. They believed that this new educational plan would allow these poor Jews to become diligent individuals. Another goal of the enlightened Jews was to
Saul Ascher was an individual with whom not much is known about. Ascher was known for having original ideas and would voice his opinion. He believed that the need for religion was mainly psychological. He also said that Judaism is part of the Jewish community but that it can change. Saul Ascher thought that there should be a re defining of the Jewish religion that would be less of an obligation and more about the faithfulness to the Jewish community. He therefore believed that it is more important to be faithful to Judaism than to actually be very religious in practice.
2. Enlightened Jews thought that the reliability of Judaism should not have to be compromised by an Enlightenment culture. An innovation that the Reforms proposed in practice was the first Israelite Temple Association which was founded in 1817. There were many reforms made in practice at this temple such as a new prayer book. German prayers were now included as well. Also, there was a big importance placed on Saturday morning services. This is very important because previous to the Enlightenment this would not have occurred. During the Enlightenment there were new social and cultural changes that took place over time.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)